Beyond Biology: Social Stigma and the Subjective Well-being of Infertile Couples in a Pronatalist Society

Abstract

Infertility is a multidimensional issue that extends beyond biological causes, carrying profound psychological and social consequences, especially in pronatalist societies where parenthood is considered essential for social identity. This study investigates the association between infertility-related stigma and the subjective well-being of infertile couples in Punjab, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey design was employed with a sample of 358 respondents recruited from LIFE-IVF Center Lahore and Multan. Standardized instruments were used, including the Infertility Stigma Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression using SPSS (v26). The findings showed that infertility stigma has a significant negative correlation with subjective well-being (r = –.52, p < .001). Stigma, in particular, strongly predicted reduced well-being (β = –.48, p < .001) in a regression analysis that controlled for gender, income, and place of residence. Lower-income households, women, and rural dwellers were found to have poorer well-being. These findings underscore the need to address infertility as a social and medical concern. In the context of Pakistan’s pronatalist orientation, educational and counseling programs, as well as supportive health policies, are vital for reducing stigma and improving well-being among infertile couples.